Chicago Style utilizes Footnotes or Endnotes throughout the body of a written work. Similar to In-Text Citations used in APA or MLA, these notes are used when you paraphrase, quote, or summarize one of the sources in your complete Bibliography. A superscipt number is placed at the end of the sentence in which the source was used. The superscript refers the reader to its corresponding numbered note either at the bottom of the page (Footnote) or end of the written work (Endnote).
Either way the notes are presented, they consist of the source's:
Write the Author's full name as follows: Firstname Lastname,
Example:
Flannery O' Connor, Wise Blood (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 66-67.
If the work has more than one Author, write them as follows (use commas if appropriate): Firstname1 Lastname1 and Firstname2 Lastname2
Example:
Mary Konya Weishaar and Victoria Groves Scott, Case Studies in Assessment of Students with Disabilities (Boston: Pearson, 2005), 30.
Write the source's Title(s) with all major words capitalized. Remember to italicize the Title if it is a longer or entire work and put the Title in "quotation marks" if it is shorter or a part of a larger work.
Examples:
Book:
John Eppel, Absent: The English Teacher (Avondale: Weaver Press, 2009), 110-126.
Article:
Sharon Stein, "Universities Confronting Climate Change: Beyond Sustainable Development and Solutionism," Higher Education 87, no. 1 (Jan. 2024), 167.
When citing part of an edited work, include the Editor after the Title with the abbreviation "ed."
Example:
Johnny Belknap, "Building Blocks: Image" in Graphic Design for Everyone, ed. Cath Caldwell (New York: Penguin Random House, 2019), 93.
When citing a translated work, include the Translator after the Title with the abbreviation "trans."
Example:
Alexandre Dumas, The Count of Monte Cristo, trans. David Coward (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 364.
When writing a note for a book, enclose the following elements in parentheses:
(PublicationCity: PublisherName, YearofPublication),
Example:
John Eppel, Absent: The English Teacher (Avondale: Weaver Press, 2009), 110-126.
When crafting a note for a journal article, write the following (NOTE: remember the 'no.' before the Issue Number):
VolumeNumber, no. IssueNumber (DateofPublication),
Example:
Gilles Authier, "Ideophonic Verb Compounds in Archi," Linguistic Typology at the Crossroads 4, no. 1, (June 2024), 325.
If you are referencing specific pages, add them at the end of the Note followed by a period.
Example:
Ruta Ruzeviciute and Carina Thürridl. "Food Matters: The Role of International (Marketing) Efforts in Addressing a Looming Climate Threat," Journal of International Marketing 31, no. 3 (Sept. 2023), 99-100.
If you have already written a Note for a source, the second or subsequent Note may be shortened. This is practice most often seen in published works, like books or peer reviewed journal articles.
This is only to be added in the final draft, if at all. Please check with your professor before shortening Notes in your assignments.
The shortened Note should be written as follows:
AuthorLastName, "ShortenedTitle", PageNumbers.
NOTE: The 'Title' in this case refers to the article/chapter/section Title. Do not add the journal/book/series Title to a shortened note UNLESS you are referencing the whole source.
Example:
First Note:
Johnny Belknap, "Building Blocks: Image" in Graphic Design for Everyone, ed. Cath Caldwell (New York: Penguin Random House, 2019), 93-97.
Subsequent Notes:
Belknap, "Image," 95.
Microsoft Word provides an 'Insert Footnote' (or 'Insert Endnote') tool which automatically adds superscript numbers to the body of your work and creates a linked corresponding space in which to write your note. To insert a Note superscript in Notes and Bibliography style, select 'References' from the tool ribbon and click 'Insert Footnote' or 'Insert Endnote'.
